How was the Employment opportunities for women during the second Industrial Revolution?

Employment opportunities for women during the second Industrial Revolution was...





A. changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.


B. declined dramatically as prostitution became illegal


C. increased greatly with working-class men pushing their wives to work outside the home.


D. declined hen piece-work was abandoned as inefficient and "sweatshops" were outlawed


E. declined because labor unions forced government to restrict most employment opportunities t men only.

How was the Employment opportunities for women during the second Industrial Revolution?
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While Pinchbeck spends most of her time describing the conditions of employment, she does on occasion pause to draw more general conclusions. Her central claim is that, on the whole, the Industrial Revolution made women better off. Initially women suffered from declining employment opportunities, but after the turn of the nineteenth century their prospects improved. Pinchbeck claims that women were better off in 1850 than in 1750 for two reasons. First, many women withdrew from the labor force and were able to enjoy more leisure and higher social standing. Pinchbeck sees the opportunity to specialize in housework as a privilege, and thus she sees withdrawal of some married women from the labor force as an improvement. While Pinchbeck notes that many women lost economic independence, she considers the gains to be large enough to make up for this loss. Noting the withdrawal of farmers' wives from productive employment, she claims, "In the change she sacrificed her former economic independence according to the extent to which she ceased to manage her household and contributed to the wealth of her family, but for her, the new conditions meant an advance in the social scale and did not entail any material hardship" (Pinchbeck, p. 42). For Pinchbeck, the move toward a "family wage," which allowed a man to support a family and allowed wives to withdraw from the labor force, was a clear advance.





The second way in which women were better off in 1850 was in improved working conditions for those women who remained in the labor force. Pinchbeck notes that, while contemporaries thought factory conditions were bad, these conditions were actually better than the conditions in alternative employments in domestic industry. Women entering the factories did not leave behind ideal circumstances, but domestic industries with low pay and poor working conditions. Pinchbeck concludes that "the Industrial Revolution has on the whole proved beneficial to women. It has resulted in greater leisure for women in the home and has relieved them from the drudgery and monotony that characterized much of the hand labour previously performed in connection with industrial work under the domestic system. For the woman workers outside the home it has resulted in better conditions, a greater variety of openings and an improved status" (Pinchbeck, p. http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/burnet...





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